Predatory phytoplankton key to understanding ocean ecosystem
Micrographs illustrating the predatory nature of diverse small phytoplankton isolated from the open ocean. The phytoplankton were grown in culture, then fed either live bacteria or green fluorescent beads. In these images one can see the fluorescent beads (arrowheads) have been eaten and taken inside the cells. Credit: Q. Li.
A team of researchers have spent years taming mysterious marine microbes from the open ocean to grow in a lab, to investigate their feeding habits. The group’s latest discoveries, led by SOEST oceanography professors Grieg Steward and Kyle Edwards and supported by funding from the National Science Foundation, revealed that a wide variety of phytoplankton in their collection are not just photosynthesizing; in many cases they are also voracious predators. The study was published in The ISME Journal.
Phytoplankton are often viewed as the plants of the sea. They use light from the sun to photosynthesize and grow, and they are the primary food source that sustains all life in the ocean. Although this view is generally true, life among the plankton can be considerably more complicated. It turns out that some phytoplankton photosynthesize and eat prey, just like a Venus flytrap. But, unlike carnivorous land plants, these dual-function phytoplankton are microscopic—each is a single cell less than one-tenth the width of a human hair—and they swim using flagella to catch bacterial prey. Because these phytoplankton mix two different feeding modes (photosynthesis and predation), they are referred to as mixotrophs (from mix plus the Greek trophikós pertaining to food).
“Oceanographers have known about mixotrophs for a long time, but interest in them has really been growing over the past decade as we learn just how prevalent and important they are in the ocean’s ecosystem,” said Qian Li, the lead author the study and former post-doctoral researcher in the SOEST Center for Microbial Oceanography–Research and Education (C-MORE), now a faculty member at Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.
One of the major contributions of the research, and the foundation of the current study, was the cultivation of a large collection of diverse mixotrophs from the open ocean, a painstaking process carried out by Christopher Schvarcz while a graduate student and then post-doctoral researcher in the C-MORE.
“Many of these species in our collection had been detected in seawater using trendy molecular identification methods, but they had never been grown in culture before,” said Schvarcz. “As a result, enormous amounts of data have been accumulating on who is living out there in the open ocean, but we didn’t know what they were doing or how fast they were doing it.”
“Having this unprecedented collection of species in culture is very exciting,” said Edwards, study co-author, “and it completely changes the kinds of questions we can ask.”
One of those questions was “just how quickly do these mixotrophs eat Prochlorococcus?” Prochlorococcus is a photosynthetic bacterium and one of the single biggest contributors to photosynthesis in the open ocean, so figuring out who eats these tiny cells is fundamental to understanding the ocean ecosystem.
Mixotrophs appear to be major consumers of bacteria, and that would include photosynthetic bacteria like Prochlorococcus, but until now there has been no direct observations that any mixotroph eats this key player of the marine food web, and no data on the rates at which they do so. That situation has dramatically changed with this new study that compared the feeding rates of dozens of unique phytoplankton isolates and quantified how feeding rates are affected by food availability.
“Dr. Li did an impressive amount of careful experimental work for this study,” said Steward, study co-author. “The number of new oceanic phytoplankton she characterized is extraordinary, and it revealed that different species of mixotrophs vary widely in their feeding rates. These data help fill a large gap in our knowledge about how different mixotrophs fit into the marine food web.”
The authors concluded from their work that mixotrophs—those tiny predatory plants of the sea—are very diverse, abundant, and widespread, and collectively they are eating a lot of primary production.
“We hope this work will give people a new perspective on these things we call ‘phytoplankton’,” said Li. “A lot of beautiful complexity is hidden in that one word, and the more we look the more interesting things we find!”
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