{"id":52,"date":"2019-10-17T21:51:34","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T21:51:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/?page_id=52"},"modified":"2026-08-04T17:14:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T03:14:27","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"RESEARCH"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 alignwide wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-middle\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-1024x580.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-1024x580.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-768x435.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-1536x870.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-2048x1160.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg 2160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-52_d8a1fc-8a\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-3-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"#biological-oceanography\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/bio_oc-01.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_f83632-89 inner-column-2\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"#marine-geology-geochemistry\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4494\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/marine_geo-01.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_8c8217-de inner-column-3\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"#physical-oceanography\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/phys_oc-01.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-kb-palette-2-color has-text-color\" id=\"biological-oceanography\"><strong>biological oceanography<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\">&#8230; exploring our most important common resource<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Faculty and researchers in Biological Oceanography carry out research projects in diverse habitats and ecosystems across the globe. Spanning inland and coastal waters to the open ocean, and from the air-sea interface to the deep seafloor and on the very frontiers of science, they pursue answers to the ocean\u2019s greatest mysteries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As both course instructors and project mentors, our faculty support the graduate degree programs in Oceanography and Marine Biology and the undergraduate program in Global Environmental Science. Our diverse portfolio of funded projects provides dynamic research opportunities for students captivated by biological oceanography and marine biology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ever conscious of the crucial role of science in protecting the earth and its environment, our programs, while emphasizing basic research, are relevant to applied problems and societal concerns.&nbsp; Such hot topics as the fate of &#8220;green-house&#8221; gases, ecological impacts of ozone depletion and deep-sea mining, mechanisms of pollutant transport and cycling, fisheries recruitment, coastal water quality, and the ecology of microbial pathogens are among our deepest concerns. The interdisciplinary nature of these and other problems fosters strong collaborative engagement among biologists, geochemists and physicists in our department and at other institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"612\" src=\"http:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-1024x612.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-1024x612.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-768x459.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-1536x918.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Nodules-recovered-from-box-core-sample-from-4200-m-depth_eastern_CCZ_ABYSSLINE_crop-2048x1223.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-kb-palette-2-color has-text-color\" id=\"marine-geology-geochemistry\"><strong>marine geology and geochemistry<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\">&#8230; discovering the oceans&#8217; bounty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chemical signatures can be powerful tracers or recorders of natural and human-driven ocean change.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the Marine Geology and Geochemistry Division (MGGD), we conduct research to understand and quantify chemical reactions that occur in the land \u2013 ocean \u2013 atmosphere system.&nbsp;&nbsp;We investigate climate change, ocean acidification, and the limits to ocean life using lab, field, and modeling approaches. What unites us is our goal to understand past and future changes in the cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients, and to predict how they affect planet Earth as an integrated biogeochemical system.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"601\" src=\"http:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-1024x601.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-1024x601.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-1536x901.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/instrument_CTD_shipboard_crop-2-2048x1201.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-left has-kb-palette-2-color has-text-color\" id=\"physical-oceanography\"><strong>physical oceanography<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\">\u2026 understanding how the ocean changes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Physical Oceanography Division conducts research and educational activities to understand the dynamics (movement, mixing, and exchange with atmosphere and land) of&nbsp;the ocean. These processes interact and vary across the small-scale (turbulent mixing), the human-scale (waves, coastal zone), the storm scale (sub-to-mesoscale, transfer&nbsp;between ocean and atmosphere), to the planetary scale (El Ni\u00f1o, climate). Current research topics within the division include, but not limited to: physical and biological&nbsp;interactions in the oceans, sub-mesoscale and mesoscale structures, water-type formation, dynamics of the ocean\u2019s surface layer, satellite remote sensing, ocean-atmosphere&nbsp;interaction, paleoceanography, ecosystem modeling, sea-level rise, equatorial circulation, general ocean circulation variability and dynamics, climate dynamics, ocean circulation&nbsp;and wave predictability, and technological development of instruments and sensors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ocean physics can impact people&#8217;s lives from changes to rain and weather patterns, sea-level rise, coastal waves and dynamics, changes in ocean mixing of carbon, and much&nbsp;more. In addition to basic research, these applied areas are currently examined by members of the Division.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_665041-29 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n<footer class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b alignfull has-kb-palette-32-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-layout-overlay kt-row-overlay-grad\"><\/div><div class=\"kt-row-layout-top-sep kt-row-sep-type-wavei\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\"><path d=\"M0,40c0,0 120.077,-38.076 250,-38c129.923,0.076 345.105,78 500,78c154.895,0 250,-30 250,-30l0,50l-1000,0l0,-60Z\" \/><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column52_66427c-18 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h4 class=\"kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac\">do these topics<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb\">pique your interest?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be\">learn more about our exciting programs<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn kb-buttons-wrap kb-btns52_ade64b-8b\"><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn52_1fda74-37 kt-btn-size-standard kt-btn-width-type-auto kb-btn-global-outline kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/ges\/\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">undergrad<\/span><\/a>\n\n<a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn52_c0b317-e0 kt-btn-size-standard kt-btn-width-type-auto kb-btn-global-outline kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"http:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/index.php\/graduate-program\/\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">graduate<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<style class=\"advgb-styles-renderer\">.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:center;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:center;}.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:1400px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_146266-82 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h1, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h2, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h3, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h4, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h5, .kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 h6{color:#000000;}.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_b99cfa-80 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-52_d8a1fc-8a .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-52_d8a1fc-8a .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:rgba(238, 238, 238, 0.02);width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:50px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:2000px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap > div:not(.added-for-specificity){grid-column:initial;}.kb-row-layout-id52_a5d628-49 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h1, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h2, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h3, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h4, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h5, .kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99{position:relative;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{margin-bottom:-25px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_9f4fe8-99 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h1, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h2, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h3, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h4, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h5, .kadence-column52_f83632-89 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_f83632-89{position:relative;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{margin-bottom:-25px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_f83632-89 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h1, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h2, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h3, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h4, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h5, .kadence-column52_8c8217-de h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_8c8217-de{position:relative;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{margin-bottom:-25px;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_8c8217-de > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41{margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:50px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:1400px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_caec92-41 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h1, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h2, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h3, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h4, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h5, .kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_c26c61-f8 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10{margin-top:50px;margin-bottom:50px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:1400px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_ba48ee-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h1, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h2, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h3, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h4, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h5, .kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_b79ec6-44 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:50px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:1400px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-bottom:2px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_9d3dea-d3 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{background-color:rgba(135, 221, 218, 0);}.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_665041-29, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h1, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h2, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h3, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h4, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h5, .kadence-column52_665041-29 h6{color:#ffffff;}.kadence-column52_665041-29{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_665041-29 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b{margin-bottom:-75px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:900px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:130px;padding-bottom:36px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.00;background-image:linear-gradient(90deg, #00b5e2 0%, #1c809a 100%);mix-blend-mode:overlay;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-top-sep{height:100px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-top-sep svg{width:100%;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-top-sep svg{fill:#ffffff!important;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep{height:px;}.kb-row-layout-id52_93f2ba-6b .kt-row-layout-bottom-sep svg{width:%;}}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:0px;border-left-width:0px;}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column52_66427c-18{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column52_66427c-18 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac\"]{text-align:center;font-size:2.9em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:800;font-style:normal;font-family:Montserrat;color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_5b8c88-ac\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb\"]{text-align:center;font-size:2.9em;line-height:1.3em;font-weight:800;font-style:normal;font-family:Montserrat;color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_68e0a4-bb\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be\"]{text-align:center;font-size:1.6em;line-height:1em;font-weight:200;font-style:normal;font-family:Montserrat;color:#ffffff;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading52_69ae9b-be\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns52_ade64b-8b{gap:var(--global-kb-gap-xs, 0.5rem );justify-content:center;align-items:center;}.kt-btns52_ade64b-8b .kt-button{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button{width:initial;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button{color:#ffffff;background:#4dacc9;font-size:18px;font-family:Montserrat;font-weight:300;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;border-top:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button{border-top:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:focus{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button{border-top:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(0, 181, 226, 0);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_1fda74-37.kb-button:focus{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button{width:initial;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button{color:#ffffff;background:#4dacc9;font-size:18px;font-family:Montserrat;font-weight:300;border-top-left-radius:3px;border-top-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-right-radius:3px;border-bottom-left-radius:3px;border-top:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:focus{color:#ffffff;background:#444444;border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button{border-top:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:focus{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button{border-top:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-right:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-bottom:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);border-left:3px solid rgba(251, 252, 253, 0);}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn52_c0b317-e0.kb-button:focus{border-top-color:#444444;border-top-style:solid;border-right-color:#444444;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-color:#444444;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-color:#444444;border-left-style:solid;}}<\/style>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>biological oceanography &#8230; exploring our most important common resource Faculty and researchers in Biological Oceanography carry out research projects in diverse habitats and ecosystems across the globe. Spanning inland and coastal waters to the open ocean, and from the air-sea &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","kt_blocks_editor_width":"","_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-52","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-05T03:14:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2160\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1223\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\",\"name\":\"RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-1024x580.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-10-17T21:51:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-05T03:14:27+00:00\",\"description\":\"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg\",\"width\":2160,\"height\":1223,\"caption\":\"Deep sea creature, the Peniagone\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"RESEARCH\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/\",\"name\":\"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography\",\"description\":\"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography - a world leader in ocean science, research and education.\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#organization\",\"name\":\"University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department Of Oceanography\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/standard_UH_web_hi.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/standard_UH_web_hi.png\",\"width\":1501,\"height\":450,\"caption\":\"University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department Of Oceanography\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography","description":"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography","og_description":"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/","og_site_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography","article_modified_time":"2026-08-05T03:14:27+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2160,"height":1223,"url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/","url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/","name":"RESEARCH - University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj-1024x580.jpg","datePublished":"2019-10-17T21:51:34+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-05T03:14:27+00:00","description":"The University of Hawaii Department of Oceanography is at the forefront of marine science research. As part of SOEST, the department covers topics in biological oceanography, marine geology and geochemistry and physical oceanography.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Peniagone_swim_credit_Arthur_Guth_adj.jpg","width":2160,"height":1223,"caption":"Deep sea creature, the Peniagone"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/research\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"RESEARCH"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/","name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography","description":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa Department of Oceanography - a world leader in ocean science, research and education.","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#organization","name":"University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department Of Oceanography","url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/standard_UH_web_hi.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/oceanwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/standard_UH_web_hi.png","width":1501,"height":450,"caption":"University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Department Of Oceanography"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"taxonomy_info":[],"featured_image_src_large":false,"author_info":{"display_name":"Amanda Toperoff","author_link":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/author\/atoperoff\/"},"comment_info":0,"coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/author\/atoperoff\/","display_name":"Amanda Toperoff"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Posted 7 years ago","modified":"Updated 3 months ago"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Posted on October 17, 2019","modified":"Updated on August 4, 2026"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Posted on October 17, 2019 9:51 pm","modified":"Updated on August 4, 2026 5:14 pm"},"featured_img_caption":"","featured_img":false,"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52"}],"version-history":[{"count":79,"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16617,"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/52\/revisions\/16617"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.soest.hawaii.edu\/oceanography\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}