Chemistry of the Marine Atmosphere (OCN 643)

Barry Huebert

Time and Location
Class meets Tuesdays and Thursdays. Since I will be traveling during a few scheduled class periods, several classes will have to be moved. I generally put those on Wednesdays, but we check all our schedules on the first class day to find the optimum replacement times.
Content
This class is a survey of the principles of atmospheric chemistry, with a focus on the unpolluted marine atmosphere. It is designed to be accessible to students with a wide variety of backgrounds, so that any Oceanography grad student would have a suitable background to take the course and would (hopefully) find its material useful in other fields. Topics include atmospheric structure, dynamics and transport, photochemical kinetics and atmospheric reactions, aerosols (formation, processing, and removal), wet and dry deposition, acid rain, cloud chemistry, air-sea exchange, the impact of atmospheric chemistry on climate change, and stratospheric ozone depletion.
Readings
The assigned readings will be from either the literature or the class text, Finlayson-Pitts and Pitts, Atmospheric Chemistry, Wiley and Sons, 1986. [Before buying the text, though, there is a chance I may change the text for the 1997 Spring course.] The published papers are collected into a xeroxed set for the class. In order to ensure that the reading is completed prior to the class discussion, any person in the room may be randomly selected to lead a discussion of any of the reading. (Papers from the literature are generally be handled this way, but some text discussions will also be student-led.)
Grading
- 45% Exams
  
  There will be three exams given in-class. They will primarily consist of short-answer questions and computations. They will be worth 15% each. The last will be given during finals week, but will not be a comprehensive final: it will only cover the material since the last exam. Two or more sample problems will be handed out for each day's readings and discussion. These will not be handed in and graded, but most of the exam questions will come from these problems.
- 40% Writing assignments
  
  In discussions with the instructor (appointments on 23 March) each student must select a topic on which to write a paper of 5 - 10 pages. The topics should either address some controversy in atmospheric chemistry, critically review a paper in the literature, evaluate a problem in which significant uncertainties exist, or address an aspect of atmospheric chemistry that is related to your own field of study. Examples of suitable topics will be given early in the semester. Considerable latitude exists for topics, so be creative and suggest something that interests you.
  
  This paper is due in draft form on 25 April. It will be graded for both content and writing and returned to you by 4 May. A corrected, final version will then be due on the day assigned for our final exam. The idea here is that everyone will improve their first paper enough that all will get the full 40%.
- 15% Class Discussion of papers
  
  This is really the heart of the course. Numerous journal references have been assigned. Some of these I will discuss and lecture on. For others, I will randomly pick a class member to discuss the paper. Anyone auditing or sitting in should expect to participate in this lottery, since watching discussions without doing the reading is not very fruitful. At each class period, any person in the room may be chosen to discuss one of that day's papers. (Having done it last time does not relieve one of jeopardy next time.) You will be graded on your level of preparation with these papers. It is not necessary that you understand everything in advance: your discussion may often include questions for me or for the class. But these questions should make it clear that you have read and seriously tried to understand the material. My guess is that this category will result in the largest grade-spread of any.

Syllabus from 1995

Date	Subject	Preliminary Readings & Due Dates
Th 1/12	Introduction, Atmospheric Structure & Composition	FPP 1-37, 50-52
Tu 1/17	Atmospheric Structure and Thermodynamics	{BCOW 213-224} Merrill handout
Th 1/19	Atmospheric Structure and Radiation	FPP 93-108
Tu 1/24	Chemical Kinetics	FPP 209-222 {BCOW 82-89}
Th 1/26	Photochemistry	FPP 59-86
Tu 1/31	Photochemistry, NOx, and Oxidants	FPP 140-156, 961-973
Th 2/2	Photochemistry, NOx, Oxidants, and OH	[Liu, et al., 1992] What is controversial here? For more comprehensive information: [Logan, et al., 1981] {BCOW 263-282}
Tu 2/7	CH4, CO, and Remote Ozone Production	[Fishman et al., 1985] {BCOW 227-230, 239-242} - What's the problem with "Bomb Carbon?" ADD: Jain, GBC, 9, 153-166 (1995) on Radiocarbon
Th 2/9	CH4, CO, CO2, NMHC, and trends	FPP 973-986, [IPCC Trends, 94 - CO2 and CH4 sections only] Why the '93 blip? [Wahlen, 1993]
Tu 2/14	Exam - Happy Valentine's Day to you, too!	*
Tu 2/21	Aerosols, Size-distributions, Nucleation, & Processing	FPP 727-741, 753-759 {PW 278-296}
Th 2/23	Aerosols & Vapors - Sea Salt, Soot	FPP 775-802 {PW 303-330, 360-369} [Fitzgerald, 1991]
Tu 2/28	Aerosols & Vapors - Sampling Artifacts	[Appel, et al., 1984; Hering and others, 1988]
Th 3/2	Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate - Indirect Effects	FPP 759-775 {BCOW 234-235} [Charlson, et al., 1987; LaBrecque, 1990]
Tu 3/7	Aerosols and Climate - Indirect Effects	[Hindman et al., 1994; Trefil, 1990]
Th 3/9	Wet Deposition	FPP 699-713 [Huebert, et al., 1983]
Tu 3/14	Wet Deposition & Acid Rain	[Moody and Samson, 1989] [Pszenny et al, 1982]
Fr 3/17 Friday 3-4 PM	Cloud and Fog Chemistry and Droplet Deposition	[Munger et al., 1989; Vong, 1991] {PW, 296-303}
Tu 3/21	Dry Deposition	[Hicks and Matt, 1988, Huebert and Robert, 1985, Kaimal and Long, 1980]
We 3/22^M 3-4 PM	Dry Deposition	[Slinn, 1980, Wesely, et al., 1985] Meet with BJH today to select topic for paper
Th 3/23	EXAM in Class	*
Tu 3/28	SPRING BREAK	*
Th 3/20	SPRING BREAK	*
Tu 4/4	Air/Sea Fluxes - Emissions, Nutrients, Iron	[Duce, 1986; Liss and Slater, 1974; recent Fe ref TBD]
We 4/5 3-4 PM	Measurement Strategies - Air/Sea Fluxes & Reaction Rates	[Huebert, 1991; Kawa and Pearson, 1989]
Th 4/6	DMS, SO2, NSS - Sulfur Chemistry	BCOW 993-999 [Andreae, et al., 1985; Bates, et al., 1990; Sievering ref TBD]
Th 4/13	DMS, SO2, NSS - Sulfur Chemistry	[Bandy, et al., 1992, Huebert, et al., 1995-GRL Xmas]
Tu 4/25	Direct Effects of Aerosols on Climate	[Charlson, et al., 1992; Penner - Dahlem Organics]
We 4/26 3-4 PM	Greenhouse Gases and ClimateTHIS	[Refs TBD]DAY Draft Paper Due
Th 4/27	Halocarbons and Polar Ozone	FPP 1011-1027 [WMO, 1991] , selected pages TBD McCormick et al, Atmos. Effects of Mt. Pinatubo Eruption
Tu 5/2	Volcano Impacts on Stratospheric Ozone	[paper TBD]
Th 5/4	Catch-up & Review	Class Discussion TBD First Draft of paper returned to you by today To find recent literature on related subjects, I recommend [Brune, 1991, Jacob, 1991, Kolb, 1991]
5/8-12	FINALS WEEK - Exam (not comprehensive)	Final Version of Paper Due

Monographs
- Note that only FPP monograph readings are required, but sometimes the most helpful discussions are in the supplementary texts.
- FPP - Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., and J. N. Pitts, Jr., Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1986. Required text.
- BCOW - Butcher, S. S., R. J. Charlson, G. H. Orians, and G. V. Wolfe, eds., Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Int'l. Geophys. Series Vol. 50, Academic Press, San Diego, 1992.
- PW - Warneck, P., Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Int'l. Geophys. Series Vol. 41, Academic Press, San Diego, 1988.
- NRC - National Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution, National Academy Press, Washington, 1991.
Other References
- Andreae, M. O., R. J. Ferek, F. Bermond, K. P. Byrd, R. T. Engstrom, S. Hardin, P. D. Houmere, F. LeMarrec, H. Raemdonck and R. B. Chatfield, Dimethyl sulfide in the marine atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 891-900, 1985.
- Appel, B. R., Y. Tokiwa, M. Haik and E. L. Kothny, Artifact Particulate Sulfate and Nitrate Formation on Filter Media, Atmos. Environ., 18, 409-416, 1984.
- Bandy, A. R., D. L. Scott, B. W. Blomquist, S. M. Chen and D. C. Thornton, Low yields from dimethyl sulfide oxidation in the marine boundary layer, Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1125-1127, 1992.
- Bates, T. S., J. E. Johnson, P. K. Quinn, P. D. Goldan, W. C. Kuster, D. C. Covert and C. J. Hahn, The biogeochemical sulfur cycle in the marine boundary layer over the northeast Pacific Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 10, 59-81, 1990.
- Brune, W. H., Stratospheric Chemistry, Rev. Geophys., US Nat'l. Report to IUGG, 1987-1990, 12-24, 1991.
- Charlson, R. J., J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae and S. G. Warren, Oceanic Phytoplankton, Atmospheric Sulfur, Cloud Albedo, and Climate, Nature, 326, 655-661, 1987.
- Charlson, R. J., S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley Jr., J. E. Hansen and D. J. Hoffman, Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols, Science, 255, 423-430, 1992.
- Duce, R. A., The Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Iron Species on Marine Biological Productivity, in The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling, edited by P. Buat-Menard, D. Reidel, 1986. DO ONLY IRON PART - NITROGEN COVERED IN APC.
- Fishman, J., F. Vukovich and E. Browell, The Photochemistry of Synoptic-Scale Ozone Synthesis: Implications for the Global Tropospheric Ozone Budget, J. Atmos. Chem., 1, 299-320, 1985.
- Fitzgerald, J. W., Marine Aerosols: A Review, Atmos. Environ., 25A, 533-545, 1991.
- Hering, S. V. and e. a. (. others), The Nitric Acid Shootout: Field Comparison of Measurement Methods, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1519-1540, 1988.
- Hicks, B. B. and D. R. Matt, Combining Biology, Chemistry, and Meteorology in Modeling and Measuring Dry Deposition, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 117-131, 1988.
- Hindman et al., Ship-produced Cloud Lines of 13 July 1991, Atmos. Environ., 28, 3393-3403, 1994.
- Huebert, B. J., Computer Modelling of Photochemical Smog Formation, J. Chem. Educ., 51, 664, 1974.
- Huebert, B. J., ASTEX/MAGE: Overview of Proposed Research, 1991.
- Huebert, B. J., F. C. Fehsenfeld, R. B. Norton and D. Albritton, The Scavenging of Nitric Acid Vapor by Snow, in Precipitation Scavenging, Dry Deposition, and Resuspension, edited by H. R. Pruppacher and e. al., Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., Amsterdam, 1983.
- Huebert, B. J., S. Howell, P. Laj, J. E. Johnson, T. S. Bates, P. K. Quinn, V. Yegorov, A. D. Clarke and J. N. Porter, Observations of the Atmospheric Sulfur Cycle on SAGA-3, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1993.
- Huebert, B. J. and C. H. Robert, The Dry Deposition of Nitric Acid to Grass, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2085-2090, 1985.
- Ito, T., T. Okita, M. Ikegami and I. Kanazawa, The Characterization and Distribution of Aerosol and Gaseous Species in the Winter Monsoon over the Western Pacific Ocean. II. The Residence Time of Aerosols and SO2 in the Long-Range Transport over the Ocean, J. Atmos. Chem., 4, 401-411, 1986.
- Jacob, D. J., Tropospheric Chemistry: 4 Years of US Research, 1987-1990, Rev. Geophys., US National Report to IUGG, 2-11, 1991.
- Kaimal, J. C. and G. Long, The Atmospheric Boundary Layer, in Summer Colloquium 1980, edited by A. C. Delaney, NCAR, Boulder, 1980.
- Kawa, S. R. and R. Pearson Jr., Ozone Budgets from the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 9809-9817, 1989.
- Kolb, C. E., Instrumentation for Chemical Species Measurements in the Troposphere and Stratosphere, Rev. Geophys., US Nat'l. Report to IUGG, 1987-1990, 25-36, 1991.
- LaBrecque, M., Clouds and Climate: a Critical Unknown in the Global Equations, Mosaic, 21, 2-11, 1990.
- Liss, P. S. and P. G. Slater, Flux of Gases across the Air-Sea Interface, Nature, 247, 181-184, 1974.
- Liu, S. C., M. Trainer, M. A. Carroll, G. H｜ler, D. D. Montzka, R. B. Norton, B. A. Ridley, J. G. Walega, E. L. Atlas, B. G. Heikes, B. J. Huebert and W. Warren, A Study of the Photochemistry During MLOPEX, 1988, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,463-10,471, 1992.
- Logan, J. A., M. J. Prather, S. C. Wofsy and M. B. McElroy, Tropospheric Chemistry: A Global Perspective, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7210-7254, 1981.
- Moody, J. L. and P. J. Samson, The Influence of Atmospheric Transport on Precipitation Chemistry at Two Sites in the Midwestern United States, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2117-2132, 1989.
- Munger, J. W., J. Collett, Jr., B. Daube, Jr., M. R. Hoffmann, Chemical Composition of Coastal Stratus Clouds: Dependence on Droplet Size and Distance from the Coast, Atmos. Environ., 23, 2305-2320, 1989.
- Pszenny, A. A. P., F. MacIntyre and R. A. Duce, Sea-Salt and the Acidity of Marine Rain on the Windward Coast of Samoa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 751-754, 1982.
- Slinn, S. A., and W. G. N. Slinn, Predictions for Particle Deposition on Natural Waters, Atmos. Environ., 14, 1013-1016, 1980.
- Trefil, J., Modeling Earth's Future Climate Requires both Science and Guesswork, Smithsonian, 21, 29-37, 1990.
- Vong, R. J., J. T. Sigmon, and S. F. Mueller, Cloud Water Deposition to Appalachian Forests, Environ. Sci and Technol., 25, 1014-1021, 1991.
- Wahlen, M., The Global Methane Cycle, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 21, 407-426, 1993.
- Wesely, M. L., D. R. Cook, R. L. Hart and R. E. Speer, Measurements and Parameterization of Particulate Sulfur Dry Deposition over Grass, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2131-2144, 1985.
- WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991, edited by D. L. Albritton, R. T. Watson, S. Solomon, R. F. Hanson and F. Ormond, World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Geneva, 1991.

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