E-flux is an interdisciplinary collaboration to investigate physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of cold-core cyclonic eddies that form in the lee of the main Hawaiian Islands. This area serves as a natural laboratory, providing excellent, if not unique, opportunities for understanding eddy-enhanced production and carbon export in an accessible subtropical oligotrophic setting. Three cruises are planned in which eddies will be sampled during three phases: spin-up (cruise I), maturity (cruise II), and spin-down (cruise III). Satellite data will be used to direct the timing and sampling locations of the intensive ship-based observations. Sampling through the eddy is designed to balance horizontal resolution (i.e., spacing between XBT and CTD stations) with synopticity. We plan to fully characterize the biomass, size structure and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton and grazers in the eddy relative to the ambient oligotrophic waters off Hawaii. This information will be coupled with estimates of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates and related to concurrent rate estimates of primary productivity (modeled and &delta¹³C) and new/export production (²³⁴Th flux estimates, sediment traps, nutrient inventories and stable carbon isotope mass balance). The trajectory and subsurface temperature structure of the target eddy will be monitored using satellites (GOES-10, SeaWiFS, MODIS, and TOPEX/ERS) and drifters, respectively, and the contribution of the local cyclonic eddy field to carbon export will be estimated. The proposed sampling strategy will provide a 4-dimensional (x,y,z,t) data set for investigating the linkages and temporal lags between nutrient inputs, biological responses, and the downward flux of organic carbon.

These biogeochemical and physical data sets will provide missing links for advancing our understanding of the nature and importance of eddies in facilitating organic carbon export, as well as hard data for modelers to test their fundamental assumptions and formulations. Our ultimate goal is to provide in situ estimates for the upper and lower limits of mesoscale eddy effects on local nutrient and food web dynamics such that they can be used to test, evaluate and reformulate the various models being developed to study eddy phenomena and their biogeochemical consequences on regional and basin scales. Towards that end, we will conduct experimental simulations of altimeter-based nitrate flux models. This comparison should allow us to extrapolate the results from the lee of the Island of Hawaii to the eddy field in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, using the blended TOPEX/ERS product and calculated nitrate fluxes calibrated with local in situ data. We expect that our results will further corroborate evidence of eddy-associated pigment, zooplankton, and nutrient anomalies recorded during the HOT program, and possibly explain many "anomalous" biogeochemical distributions in the open ocean.