Oceanography 320
Final Examination
Name: ______________________________________
Social Security Number: ________________________
1) Most
pesticide use in the
a) Weeds
b) Insects
c) Rodents
d) Bacteria
e) Fungi
2) Use of DDT in malaria control programs has involved application of DDT to which one of the following?
a) Standing water
b) People’s skin
c) Exterior of homes around doors and windows
d) Interior walls of homes
3) Dr. J. Gordon Edwards, professor of biology at San Jose State University, eats a small amount of DDT every morning with his breakfast cereal to demonstrate that DDT is harmless to people. Assume that you are assigned the task of performing an autopsy on Dr. Edwards body following his untimely death. In which of the following would you expect to find the highest concentrations of DDT?
a) Bones
b) Muscle (mostly protein)
c) Fat
d) Fingernails (made of chitin, which is similar to cellulose)
4) When birds were given feed containing DDT in concentrations of 2.5 and 10 parts per million (ppm), they produced more offspring than control birds whose feed contained no DDT. Why is this fact irrelevant to the question of whether widespread use of DDT to control insect pests is adversely affecting the reproduction of birds?
5) Graduate student Giacomo measures the concentration of DDT residues in anchovies and finds that the residues are present at a concentration of 1.0 ppm on a wet weight basis. If 75% of the weight of the anchovies consists of water, what would be the concentration of the DDT residues if Giacomo reported the values on a dry weight basis?
6) Screwworm
flies were eradicated from the
a) Introduction of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, a natural enemy of the screwworm fly
b) Use of traps baited with the pheromone of the female screwworm fly
c) Release of large numbers of sterile male screwworm flies during the breeding season
d) Development of genetically engineered livestock whose genome contains the gene that codes for production of the Bt toxin, which is lethal to screwworm flies
7) Short-season cotton is an example of integrated pest management that is intended to minimize the use of conventional pesticides to control which one of the following kinds of pests?
a) Weeds
b) Insects
c) Rodents
d) Bacteria
e) Fungi
8) Ridge-till is an example of integrated pest management that is intended to minimize the use of conventional pesticides to control which one of the following kinds of pests?
a) Weeds
b) Insects
c) Rodents
d) Bacteria
e) Fungi
9) PCB’s are chemically similar to which one of the following kinds of pesticides?
a) Chlorinated organics
b) Organophosphorus compounds
c) Carbamates
d) Pyrethroids
10) In 1967 Dr.
G. M. Woodwell and colleagues published an article in Science magazine in which
they reported that DDT concentrations in the soil of an extensive salt marsh on
the south
11) Which one of the following kinds of organisms is most likely to be killed as a result of screen impingement at an electric power plant?
a) Small fish
b) Large fish
c) Fish eggs
12) Which one of the following kinds of organisms is most likely to be killed as a result of inner plant kills (i.e., being sucked through the heat exchangers) at an electric power plant?
a) Small fish
b) Large fish
c) Fish eggs
Florida Power and Light (FPL) has sometimes been criticized
for the large area of land they use for their cooling canals at their Turkey
Point power plant on
13) Why would making the cooling canals deeper not solve the problem?
14) Assuming that FPL is committed to cooling canals, what modification to the canals would make it possible to cool down the water with much less land area?
15) Which of the following strategies did Hawaiian Electric use to avoid killing corals as a result of discharges of thermal effluent at its Kahe Point power plant?
a) Installed cooling canals
b) Installed a natural draft cooling tower
c) Installed a dry cooling tower
d) Moved the outfall into deeper water
16) Conventional
electric power plants in the
a) Their steam exhaust pressure is too low
b) They use fluidized bed combustion
c) They use nonpotable water as a working fluid
d) They burn coal rather than oil
17) In the
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Cadmium
d) a and b
e) b and c
f) a and c
18) In the
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Cadmium
d) a and b
e) b and c
f) a and c
19) In the
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Cadmium
d) a and b
e) b and c
f) a and c
20) World production of this metal has declined by more than 50% since 1970.
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Cadmium
d) a and b
e) b and c
f) a and c
21) Concentrations of this metal in human blood have declined as a result of the phase-out of its use in gasoline.
a) Mercury
b) Lead
c) Cadmium
d) a and b
e) b and c
f) a and c
22)
a) Tanker accidents
b) Municipal wastes
c) Tanker ballasting
d) Drydocking operations
23) In terms of the quantity of oil released to the ocean, the Exxon Valdez oil spill ranks among the 20 largest oil spills of all time.
a) True
b) False
24) With respect to ingestion, the most toxic components of oil are
a) Olefins
b) Cycloalkanes
c) Alkanes
d) Aromatics
25) Bioremediation following an oil spill typically involves which one of the following strategies?
a) Application of fertilizer to oil that has washed ashore
b) Use of detergents to disperse oil slicks
c) Seeding of oil with genetically modified microbes
d) Cleaning oil from the plumage of oiled birds
26) In commenting on certain aspects of the efforts to clean up the oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez, one National Oceanic and Atmospheric administrator was quoted as saying, “Sometimes the best, and ironically the most difficult, thing to do in the fact of an ecological disaster is to do nothing.” What aspect of the cleanup effort prompted this statement and why?
27) Between 1970 and 1980 large oil spills occurred an average of 24 times per year. Since 1980 large oil spills have occurred only about 8 times per year. The explanation for the much lower frequency of large oil spills since 1980 is
a) Requirement for double hulls on oil tankers
b) Oil companies became more conscientious about enforcing safety rules
c) Requirement for backup radar systems on all oil tankers
d) Power plants switched to coal and natural gas as fuels following the Arab oil embargo
28) An oil cleanup strategy specifically discouraged by the United States EPA is
a) Chemical dispersal using detergents
b) Sinking a surface slick using sand or talc
c) Burning a surface slick
d) Bioremediation
29) Which of the following kinds of organisms is most sensitive to harm from radiation?
a) Bacteria
b) Insects
c) Mammals
30) If ingested, the most dangerous radioisotopes are those that emit what kind of radiation?
a) Alpha particles
b) Beta particles
c) Gamma rays
d) Neutrons
31) For the average American, most exposure to radiation is associated with which of the following sources
a) Cosmic rays
b) Dental X rays
c) Nuclear fallout from bomb testing
d) Radon
32) Which of the following pairs of radioisotopes are fission products resulting from the fissioning of uranium?
a) 14C and 32P
b) 90Sr and 137Cs
c) 3H and 239Pu
d) 33P and 3H
33) After a nuclear power plant accident, which one of the following radioisotopes is likely to find its way into human beings as a result of consumption of cow’s milk?
a) 131I
b) 235U
c) 55Fe
d) 226Ra
34) At which
one of the following locations is the
a)
b)
c)
d)
35) The impact of acid rain on fish populations in the
a) Lead
b) Mercury
c) Cadmium
d)
Aluminum
36) Explain how fluidized bed combustion reduces emissions
of SOX from coal burning power plants.
37) Explain how fluidized bed combustion reduces emissions
of NOX from coal burning power plants.
38) Why is wet stack gas scrubbing an inefficient way to
remove NOX from stack gases?
39) Pumping water out of an aquifer faster than the
natural recharge rate can result in which one of the following?
a) Nitrate levels above the drinking water standard
b) Anoxic groundwater
c) Salinity above the drinking water standard
d) Fecal coliform counts above the drinking water standard
40) Aquifers that can be contaminated by leakage from improperly operated landfills or septic tanks are referred to as Artesian aquifers.
a) True
b) False
41) The City
and
a) SDWA
b) CERCLA
c) RCRA
d) CWA
42) Why did environmentalists object to the site of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal’s being declared a national wildlife refuge in 1992?
43) A wastewater treatment plant is discharging its effluent through an underground injection well. The effluent is found to be contaminating an aquifer used for drinking water. The treatment plant could be prosecuted under the authority of which of the following two pieces of legislation?
a) CWA or SDWA
b) RCRA or CERCLA
c) SDWA or RCRA
d) CWA or RCRA
44) According to Annex V of MARPOL, where is it legal to
discharge plastics from ships?
a)
More than 3 nautical
miles offshore
b)
More than 12 nautical
miles offshore
c)
More than 25 nautical
miles offshore
d)
nowhere
45) Why is the use of biodegradable plastic opposed by
some environmental groups?
46) Why is burning plastic at sea not a legally acceptable
way to dispose of plastic waste?
47) What manufactured plastic product do turtles ingest
because they (presumably) mistake it for one of their favorite prey?
48) Which of the following would increase the critical depth?
a) Photoperiod (time from sunrise to sunset) becomes shorter
b) Depth of the mixed layer increases
c) Water becomes murky due to presence of suspended sediment
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
49) Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the fact that phosphorus tends to be more limiting to primary production in lakes and nitrogen tends to be more limiting in the ocean?
a) The concentration of iron is higher in freshwater systems than in the ocean
b) P is recycled more efficiently than N from decomposing organic matter
c) The long residence time of bottom waters in the ocean allows denitrification, which is a slow process, to occur more efficiently than in lakes
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
50) The
hypolimnion of a monomictic freshwater lake in
a) The temperature of the hypolimnion never drops below 4oC
b) The temperature of the hypolimnion rises above 4oC in the summer and drops below 4oC in the winter
c) The temperature of the hypolimnion is between 0oC and 4oC throughout the year.
d) The surface of the lake never freezes.
51) The fact
that the volume of anoxic bottom water during the summer in the
a)
The
b)
The water column in the bay is more thermally
stratified (i.e., the temperature gradient is steeper) when there is more
inflow from the
c)
The salinity gradient in the bay is steeper and hence
the water column more stratified when there is more inflow from the
d)
The oxygen concentration in the
52) If you were
interested in documenting the extent of water quality problems in
a) Measure Secchi depths and inorganic nutrient concentrations in the summer
b) Measure Secchi depths and inorganic nutrient concentrations in the winter
c) Measure Secchi depths in the summer and inorganic nutrient concentrations in the winter
d) Measure Secchi depths in the winter and inorganic nutrient concentrations in the summer
53) During the
time that sewage was being discharged into
a) Both photosynthetic rates and respiration rates were higher than normal
b) Both photosynthetic rates and respiration rates were lower than normal
c) Photosynthetic rates were higher and respiration rates were lower than normal
d) Photosynthetic rates were lower and respiration rates were higher than normal
54) What are the two principal factors that limit land application of the liquid portion of sewage effluent to the land?
55) What is the principal factor that limits land application of sewage sludge?
56) Why do
public health authorities feel that Enterococcus is not a useful indicator of
fecal pollution in
57) Correct the grammar/punctuation/spelling errors in the following sentences:
a) Many streams are degraded and stream banks are eroding in the watershed.
b) Hawaiians were able to live in the watershed for over a thousand years with out polluting it.
c)
Most trash is sent to
d) Of the thirty-nine wastewater treatment plants, eleven are R-1 facilities which produce the highest quality recycled water.
58) Correct the grammar/punctuation/spelling errors in the following sentences:
a) We have landfills but they are quickly reaching capacity.
b) We shall soon see if the city’s vision become reality.
c) It is imperative that recycling is incorporated into the community in an inexpensive manner.
d)
They would recycle if the curbside pickup was going to
be free.